How many of us have wanted a reliable, evidence-based guide to aging that explains how our bodies and minds change as we grow older and how to adapt to those differences?
Creating a work of this kind is challenging. For one thing, aging gradually alters people over decades, a long period shaped by individuals鈥 economic and social circumstances, their behaviors, their neighborhoods, and other factors. Also, while people experience common physiological issues in later life, they don鈥檛 follow a well-charted, developmentally predetermined path.
鈥淧redictable changes occur, but not necessarily at the same time or in the same sequence,鈥 said , vice chair for education at the Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. 鈥淭here鈥檚 no more heterogeneous a group than older people.鈥
I called Leipzig, 72, who works full time teaching medical residents and fellows and seeing patients, after reading her new 400-plus-page, information-packed book, 鈥: An Insider鈥檚 Guide to the Second Half of Life.鈥 It鈥檚 the most comprehensive examination of what to expect in later life I鈥檝e come across in a dozen years covering aging.
Leipzig told me she had two goals in writing this guide: 鈥渢o overcome all the negatives that are out there about growing older鈥 and 鈥渢o help people understand that there are lots of things that you can do to adapt to your new normal as you age and have an enjoyable, engaged, meaningful life.鈥
Why call it 鈥淗onest Aging鈥? 鈥淏ecause so much of what鈥檚 out there is dishonest, claiming to teach people how to age backwards,鈥 Leipzig said. 鈥淚 think it鈥檚 time we say, 鈥楾his is it; this is who we are,鈥 and admit how lucky we are to have all these years of extra time.鈥
The doctor was referring to extraordinary gains in life expectancy achieved in the modern era. Because of medical advances, people over age 60 live far longer than people at the dawn of the 20th century. Still, most of us lack a good understanding of what happens to our bodies during this extended period after middle age.
Several months ago, a medical student asked Leipzig whether references to age should be left out of a patient鈥檚 written medical history, as references to race have been eliminated. 鈥淚 told her no; with medicine, age is always relevant,鈥 Leipzig said. 鈥淚t gives you a sense of where people are in their life, what they鈥檝e lived through, and the disorders they might have, which are different than those in younger people.鈥
What questions do older adults tend to ask most often? Leipzig rattled off a list: What can I do about this potbelly? How can I improve my sleep? I鈥檓 having trouble remembering names; is this dementia? Do I really need that colonoscopy or mammogram? What should I do to get back into shape? Do I really need to stop driving?
Underlying these is a poor understanding of what鈥檚 normal in later life and the physical and mental alterations aging brings.
Can the stages of aging be broken down, roughly, by decade? No, said Leipzig, noting that people in their 60s and 70s vary significantly in health and functioning. Typically, predictable changes associated with aging 鈥渟tart to happen much more between the ages of 75 and 85,鈥 she told me. Here are a few of the age-related issues she highlights in her book:
- Older adults often present with different symptoms when they become ill. For instance, a senior having a heart attack may be short of breath or confused, rather than report chest pain. Similarly, an older person with pneumonia may fall or have little appetite instead of having a fever and cough.
- Older adults react differently to medications. Because of changes in body composition and liver, kidney, and gut function, older adults are more sensitive to medications than younger people and often need lower doses. This includes medications that someone may have taken for years. It also applies to alcohol.
- Older adults have reduced energy reserves. With advancing age, hearts become less efficient, lungs transfer less oxygen to the blood, more protein is needed for muscle synthesis, and muscle mass and strength decrease. The result: Older people generate less energy even as they need more energy to perform everyday tasks.
- Hunger and thirst decline. People鈥檚 senses of taste and smell diminish, lessening food鈥檚 appeal. Loss of appetite becomes more common, and seniors tend to feel full after eating less food. The risk of dehydration increases.
- Cognition slows. Older adults process information more slowly and work harder to learn new information. Multitasking becomes more difficult, and reaction times grow slower. Problems finding words, especially nouns, are typical. Cognitive changes related to medications and illness are more frequent.
- The musculoskeletal system is less flexible. Spines shorten as the discs that separate the vertebrae become harder and more compressed; older adults typically lose 1 to 3 inches in height as this happens. Balance is compromised because of changes in the inner ear, the brain, and the vestibular system (a complex system that regulates balance and a person鈥檚 sense of orientation in space). Muscles weaken in the legs, hips, and buttocks, and range of motion in joints contracts. Tendons and ligaments aren鈥檛 as strong, and falls and fractures are more frequent as bones become more brittle.
- Eyesight and hearing change. Older adults need much more light to read than younger people. It鈥檚 harder for them to see the outlines of objects or distinguish between similar colors as color and contrast perception diminishes. With changes to the cornea, lens, and fluid within the eye, it takes longer to adjust to sunlight as well as darkness.
- Because of accumulated damage to hair cells in the inner ear, it鈥檚 harder to hear, especially at high frequencies. It鈥檚 also harder to understand speech that鈥檚 rapid and loaded with information or that occurs in noisy environments.
- Sleep becomes fragmented. It takes longer for older adults to fall asleep, and they sleep more lightly, awakening more in the night.
This is by no means a complete list of physiological changes that occur as we grow older. And it leaves out the many ways people can adapt to their new normal, something Leipzig spends a great deal of time discussing.
A partial list of what she suggests, organized roughly by the topics above: Don鈥檛 ignore sudden changes in functioning; seek medical attention. At every doctor鈥檚 visit, ask why you鈥檙e taking medications, whether doses are appropriate, and whether medications can be stopped. Be physically active. Make sure you eat enough protein. Drink liquids even when you aren鈥檛 thirsty. Cut down on multitasking and work at your own pace. Do balance and resistance exercises. Have your eyes checked every year. Get hearing aids. Don鈥檛 exercise, drink alcohol, or eat a heavy meal within two to three hours of bedtime.
鈥淣ever say never,鈥 Leipzig said. 鈥淭here is almost always something that can be done to improve your situation as you grow older, if you鈥檙e willing to do it.鈥
We鈥檙e eager to hear from readers about questions you鈥檇 like answered, problems you鈥檝e been having with your care, and advice you need in dealing with the health care system. Visit聽聽to submit your requests or tips.
